Basic Interview Questions(IT Technical)
These are some of the basic question:-
Question (1) Difference between :-Switch-Hub-Router..
Ans:-
Hub: 1.it is a layer1 device..used to connect various machine on Lan.
2.It forwards broadcast by default.
3.It supports one collision domain and one broadcast domain.
4.it works on Bus topolog resulting less speed.
Switch: 1. A layer2 device.
2. Forward broadcast first time only.
3. one broadcast domain & colliosion domains depends on no. of ports.
4.It is based on Star Topology giving 100mbps to every pc on Lan.
Router: 1. Does not Broadcast by default.
2. breaks up Broadcast domain.
3. Also called Layer3 switch.
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Question 2.
What is a VLAN?
VPN(Virtual Private Network )… these are bascially the logical networks on the physical line… you can have many VPN oveer same line..
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Question 3. What is the difference between layer 2 and layer 3 in the OSI model?
Layer 2 is responsible for switching data whereas Layer 3 is responsible for routing the data.
Layer3: With information gathered from user, Internet protocol make one IP packet with source IP and Destination IP and other relevant information. It can then route packet through router to the destination.
Layer2: Soon after it receives IP packet from layer 3, it encapsulate it with frame header (ATM header in case of ATM technology) and send it out for switching. In case of ethernet it will send data to MAC address there by it can reach to exact destination.
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Question3.What is RUNT ?
A RUNT is a packet that is too small to traverse the network. Network protocols such as Ethernet often require that packets be a minimum number of bytes in order to travel the network. Runts are often the result of packet collisions along a busy network or can result from faulty hardware that is forming the packets or from corrupted data being sent across the network.
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Question4. A Giant:-
A giant is a packet that is too large to traverse the network. Network protocols such as Ethernet often require that packets can not be over a specific number of bytes in order
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Question5.What about VLAN ?
1. VLANs logically segment switched networks based on the functions, project teams, or applications of the organization regardless of the physical location or connections to the network.
2.VLANs provide segmentation based on broadcast domains.
3. All workstations and servers used by a particular workgroup share the same VLAN, regardless of the physical connection or location.
4.VLANs are created to provide segmentation services traditionally provided by physical routers in LAN configurations.
5. VLANs address scalability, security, and network management. Routers in VLAN topologies provide broadcast filtering, security, and traffic flow management.
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Question 6. What is the difference between TCP and UDP?
TCP is a connection oriented protocol, which means that everytime a packet is sent say from host A to B, we will get an acknowledgement. Whereas UDP on the other hand, is a connection less protocol.
Where will it be used : TCP -> Say you have a file transfer and you need to ensure that the file reaches intact, and time is not a factor, in such a case we can use TCP.
UDP-> Media Streaming, question is say you are watching a movie…would you prefer that your movie comes..perfectly….but u need to wait a long time before you see the next frame ?..or would you prefer the movie to keep streaming…Yes…The second option is definely better….This is when we need UDP
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Question 7. Default Route:-
While configuring the Routers we need to give the specific routes if we are configuring a Static route..and for Default..we need not give the single route,, we just have to set the default route command on the router and we set this command on the router of last resort…that is it discovers the near by routes itself..
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Question 8. What is a MAC address?
MAC is a machines Physical address, The internet is addressed based on a logical addressing approach. Say,when the packet reaches say the bridge connection a LAN, the question is..how does it identify, which computer it needs to send the packet to. For this it uses the concept of ARP, Address Resolution Protocol, which it uses over time to build up a table mapping from the Logical addresses to the Physical addresses. Each computer is identified using its MAC/Physical address ( u can use the ipconfig -all option to get ur MAC address).
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Question 9. What is ARP/RARP?
ARP: Stands for Address Resolution Protocol…whenever a request is sent by a node on one network to the node on another network the Physical address(MAC) is required and for this the IP address need to be flow over the network..whenver a router with that network (IP) gets the msg. the required MAC address is sent through the network this process of converting the IP address to MAC address is Called ARP..and the reverse thats the convertion of the Mac address to the IP address is called RARP ( Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)
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Question 10. What is MTU:
The MTU is the “Maximum Transmission Unit” used by the TCP protocol. TCP stands for Transmission Control Prototcol. The MTU determines the size of packets used by TCP for each transmission of data. Too large of an MTU size may mean retransmissions if the packet encounters a router along its route that can’t handle that large a packet. Too small of an MTU size means relatively more overhead and more acknowledgements that have to be sent and handled. The MTU is rated in “octets” or groups of 8 bits. The so-called “official” internet standard MTU is 576, but the standard rating for ethernet is an MTU of 1500.
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Question11. What is a Database Server?
With a database server, the client passes SQL requests as
messages to the database server. The results of each SQL command are returned
over the network. The server uses its own processing power to find the request
data instead of passing all the records back to the client and then getting it
find its own data. The result is a much more efficient use of distributed
processing power. It is also known as SQL engine.
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Question 12.What
are the most typical functional units of the Client/Server applications?
User interface
Business Logic and
Shared data.
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Question 13. What
are all the Extended services provided by the OS?Business Logic and
Shared data.
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Network OS extension
Binary large objects (BLOBs)
Global directories and Network yellow pages
Authentication and Authorization services
System management
Network time
Database and transaction services
Internet services
Object- oriented services
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Question 14. What
are Triggers and Rules?
Triggers are special user
defined actions usually in the form of stored procedures, that are
automatically invoked by the server based on data related events. It can
perform complex actions and can use the full power of procedural languages.
A rule is a special type of trigger that is used to perform simple checks on data.
A rule is a special type of trigger that is used to perform simple checks on data.
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Question 15. What is a Web server?
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Shared resources
Asymmentrical protocols
Transparency of location
Mix-and-match
Message based exchanges
Encapsulation of services
Scalability
Integrity
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Question 18.What is Remote Procedure Call (RPC)?
RPC hides the intricacies of the network by using the ordinary procedure call mechanism familiar to every programmer. A client process calls a function on a remote server and suspends itself until it gets back the results. Parameters are passed like in any ordinary procedure. The RPC, like an ordinary procedure, is synchoronous. The process that issues the call waits until it gets the results.
Under the covers, the RPC run-time software collects values for the parameters, forms a message, and sends it to the remote server. The server receives the request, unpack the parameters, calls the procedures, and sends the reply back to the client. It is a telephone-like metaphor
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Question 19. What are the Classification of clients?
Non-GUI clients that do not need multi-tasking
Non-GUI clients that need multi-tasking
(Example: ROBOTs)
GUI clients
OOUI clients
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Question 20.What is meant by 3-Tier architecture?
In 3-tier Client/Server systems, the application logic (or process) lives in the middle tier and it is separated from the data and the user interface. In theory, the 3-tier Client/Server systems are more scalable, robust and flexible.
Example: TP monitor, Web.
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Question 21. What is Load balancing?
Question 21. What is Load balancing?
If the number of incoming clients requests exceeds the number of processes in a server class, the TP Monitor may dynamically start new ones and this is called Load balancing.
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Question .22 What are called Fat clients and Fat servers?
Question .22 What are called Fat clients and Fat servers?
If the bulk of the application runs on the Client side, then it is Fat clients. It is used for decision support and personal software.
If the bulk of the application runs on the Server side, then it is Fat servers. It tries to minimize network interchanges by creating more abstract levels of services.
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Question .23 What are the types of Servers?
Database servers Transaction servers Groupware servers
Object servers Web servers.
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Question 24. What is a File server?
File servers are useful for sharing files across a network. With a file server, the client passes requests for file records over nerwork to file server.
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Question 25.What are the five major technologies that can be used to create Client/Server applications?
TP Monitors
Groupware
Distributed Objects
Intranets.
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Question 25.What is Client/Server?
Clients and Servers are separate logical entities that work together over a network to accomplish a task. Many systems with very different architectures that are connected together are also called Client/Server.
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Question 26.What are the services provided by the Operating System?
Question 26.What are the services provided by the Operating System?
Extended services - These are add-on modular software components that are layered on top of base service.
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Question 27.How to Configure DHCP in your PC(for xp/similar as windows 7 & other OS)..
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is the configuration of your Internet Protocol (IP) address, subnet mask, DNS servers, domain name suffix and about 200 other possible options to let your computer communicate with a network automatically via a server or router. It sounds complicated, but once set up, it can make connecting to a network much easier.
Steps :
Log into Windows XP with administrator rights. This makes setting up the network for you, and other users, easier as you can make all the necessary changes to settings.
Look for the Network Neighborhood or My Network Places icon in your desktop. If it is not there, try your Start Menu.
Right-click the Network Neighborhood/ My Network Places icon. A drop-down menu will appear.
Choose the "Properties" option, generally found at the bottom of the menu.
Look for an icon named "Local Area Connection". The icon looks like a pair of computer connected by a link. Double-click this icon.
Click the "General" tab, if it is not already selected. You will see a list of protocols to choose form.
Scroll down and choose Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), and then click the button that is labeled "Properties" .
Again, click the "General" tab, it it is not alreay selected. You will see two choices:
"Obtain an IP address Automatically"
"Use the following IP address..."
You have effectively configured DHCP for your PC. When your computer obtains the IP address, it will also obtain DNS server information automatically. This is provided by your dhcp server.
Tips :
Make sure your NIC (Network Card)is working properly.
Make sure you are connected directly to a router, switch or hub.
Make sure the Link light is on. (small green light where the cable plugs into the computer)
If you are connected to a LAN, make sure that you have a router that will give addresses away, since the address will be obtained by the PC from the router.
If you have a Server on the LAN such as Windows 2000 or 2003, make sure the server is configured DHCP enabled as well
How to connect two computers
How to connect two computers :
How to connect two computers in Windows XP. This will let you share files and folders, printers, play network games, etc...
Steps :
onnect the two computers together either with a Crossover cable or a Hub/Switch to the ethernet card in your computer.
Set the IP address on both computers. Goto Start > Control Panel > Network Connections (choose switch to classic view if you cannot see network connections)
Look for your Local Area Connection ethernet adapter, right-click and choose properties.
Select Internet Protocol TCP/IP and choose properties.
Setup the IP as 192.168.1.1 and the subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 on the first computer and 192.168.1.2 on the second with the same subnet mask.
Choose OK then OK/close again.
Tips :
To share your files, right click on any folder and choose Sharing to make them shared.
You can also do this with your printers to be able to print from one computer while the printer is connected to the other.
Thanks
